Many people might be surprised to learn just how important autopilot and Ethernet are in modern vehicles. If this question had been asked a few years ago, I wouldn’t have been certain of the answer. However, today, whether you look at domestic or international trends, it's clear that car Ethernet is on the verge of becoming the dominant communication standard. The following graph shows the predicted growth of vehicle communication technologies.
This chart has been circulating on major websites for some time, with the 2017 data being an earlier prediction. According to rough estimates, the actual number of Ethernet nodes installed by OEMs has already surpassed expectations. This clearly indicates that Ethernet will become the mainstream in vehicle communication by 2020. The rising demand for Ethernet is mainly driven by increasing bandwidth needs, media streaming, and audio applications, but also by the growing use of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) controllers.
So, how do we bring Ethernet from home and office networks into our cars? Can we simply equip every controller with an Ethernet port? Unfortunately, that’s not feasible due to weight and space constraints. Therefore, if a vehicle is to adopt Ethernet, it must be adapted. The traditional RJ45 connector uses four pairs of twisted wires. In half-duplex mode, only two pairs are used, while full-duplex requires all four. To address this, the OPEN Alliance and IEEE made key modifications. The OPEN Alliance introduced BroadR-Reach/100BASE-T1, which uses just one pair of twisted wires—making it ideal for automotive environments.
Once the hardware challenges were solved, the next issue was protocol compatibility. As the official body behind Ethernet, IEEE has been updating its Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards over the past few years to support autonomous driving. This includes better handling of audio and video streams. As autonomous driving levels increase, camera resolution and frame rates will rise significantly, leading to massive data volumes. This is especially true for LiDAR systems, as discussed in previous articles.
Building on the original Ethernet protocol, many layers such as UDP, TCP, IP, and the data link layer can be extended. Specialized protocols like SOME/IP and DOIP have already been developed for automotive use. Meanwhile, the TSN standards require redefining parts of the data link layer, and these updates are expected to be finalized by 2020.
When it comes to security, there's a lot to discuss, but this isn't the place for a detailed breakdown. In China, vehicle Ethernet security is still in its early stages. Many OEMs aren't doing enough to protect against various cyber threats targeting controllers and vehicle networks. It's crucial that manufacturers take this seriously—neglecting it could lead to serious consequences.
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