1975
year, Small The success of the continuous detection of column effluent by a conductivity detector indicates the birth of ion chromatography. After nearly three decades of development, ion chromatography (IC) has become a common method for analyzing ionic substances.
Ion chromatography is known for its fast analysis speed, high detection sensitivity, and good selectivity, allowing it to detect multiple ions simultaneously. However, it requires careful operation and regular maintenance, which can lead to frequent failures if not properly managed.
Basic Structure and Principle of Ion Chromatography
The system typically consists of five main components: the pumping system, injection system, separation system, detection system, and sometimes a suppressor or coupling with mass spectrometry.
(1) Pump: It delivers the mobile phase through the system at a stable flow rate or pressure.
(2) Injector: It must be resistant to high pressure and corrosion, with good repeatability and ease of use.
(3) Separation Column: This is where ion exchange occurs, separating different ions based on their affinity for the ion-exchange resin.
(4) Detector: Common types include conductivity detectors, UV-Vis detectors, amperometric detectors, and fluorescence detectors.
(5) Suppressor and Conductivity Cell: These help improve detection sensitivity by reducing background conductivity.
(6) Coupling with Mass Spectrometry: This enhances the identification and quantification of complex samples.
ICS-1000 Dionex Ion Chromatography System
This system tests deionized water in four key parts:
(1) Pumping System: Eluent bottle (1) → eluent valve (2) → pump (3) → pressure sensor (4) → damper (5)
(2) Injection System: Injection valve (6) → sample loop (7) → heat exchanger (8)
(3) Separation System: Separation column (9)
(4) Detection System: Suppressor (10) → conductivity cell (11) → waste line
Failure Analysis and Troubleshooting
Ion chromatography systems are complex, so troubleshooting should start with identifying symptoms and tracing them back to the root cause. Here are some common issues and solutions:
Abnormal Pressure
1. No mobile phase output, pressure reads zero: Possible causes include air bubbles in the pump or system leaks. Try purging the pump or checking connections for tightness.
2. High pressure reading: This may indicate a blockage. Inspect the column inlet, pump valves, and tubing for obstructions.
3. Pressure fluctuations: Could be due to low eluent level, contaminated check valves, or clogged filter heads. Refill the solvent, clean or replace the check valve, or replace the filter head as needed.
Peak Anomalies
1. Poor peak reproducibility: May result from column contamination or leakage. Adjust sample concentration or repair/replace the piping.
2. No peaks observed: Check if the analysis time is sufficient, ensure the conductivity cell is correctly installed, and verify that the pump is functioning properly.
Baseline Issues
1. Regular baseline jitter: Often caused by air bubbles in the system. Purge the pump and test cell to remove them.
2. Irregular baseline drift: Could be due to leaks in the system or a malfunctioning suppressor. Check all connections and refer to the suppressor manual for adjustment.
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