**Introduction to Micro LED**
MicroLED is a next-generation display technology that offers superior brightness, higher luminous efficiency, and lower power consumption compared to existing OLED solutions. In May 2017, Apple began exploring this new display technology, and in February 2018, Samsung unveiled its first MicroLED TV at CES 2018. This marked a significant step forward in the evolution of display innovation.
**Micro LED Features**
MicroLEDs outperform traditional OLEDs in terms of brightness, energy efficiency, and power consumption. Their exceptional characteristics make them suitable for a wide range of applications, including TVs, smartphones, and tablets. The potential of MicroLED to deliver vivid colors and high contrast makes it an attractive option for future display technologies.
**Micro LED History**
The development of MicroLED can be traced back to the use of LEDs as backlights in TFT-LCD panels in the 1990s. Although LEDs offered advantages such as high color saturation and energy savings, they were not widely adopted due to issues like high cost, poor heat dissipation, and low efficiency. However, by the early 2000s, advancements in blue LED technology led to the rise of white LED backlights, which eventually replaced CCFL in many display applications.
Despite these improvements, TFT-LCD still faced limitations. Its non-self-luminous nature resulted in low photoelectric efficiency, and the color saturation of white LEDs was not as good as that of RGB LEDs. Additionally, outdoor visibility remained a challenge due to insufficient brightness. These shortcomings drove the development of self-luminous display technologies, including MicroLED.
**Micro LED Technology Principle**
The principle behind MicroLED displays involves miniaturizing and arraying LED structures, typically ranging from 1 to 10 micrometers in size. These tiny LEDs are then transferred onto a circuit board, which can be either rigid or flexible. A protective layer and upper electrode are added through physical deposition processes, and the final package completes the display.
To create a full-color display, each pixel must be individually addressable and driven. When integrated with a CMOS circuit, this allows for active addressing, enabling precise control over each MicroLED. By incorporating a microlens array, brightness and contrast can be further enhanced. The result is a highly efficient, high-resolution display with excellent performance.
**Micro LED Advantages**
MicroLED offers several key advantages: high brightness, low power consumption, ultra-high resolution, and exceptional color saturation. With micron-level pixel spacing, each pixel can be independently controlled, leading to improved efficiency and image quality. Compared to OLEDs, MicroLED consumes about 10% of the power and requires only 10% of the area to achieve the same brightness. It also boasts a much higher resolution, up to 1500 PPI, making it ideal for high-end devices.
In addition, MicroLED has a long lifespan due to its use of inorganic materials and simple structure. Unlike OLEDs, which degrade over time, MicroLEDs maintain their performance for longer periods. They are also versatile, capable of adapting to various sizes and applications. From wearables to large screens, MicroLED has the potential to revolutionize the display industry.
**How is the Micro LED Industry Chain?**
The MicroLED industry relies on three main components: the TFT substrate, ultra-fine LED dies, and driver ICs. These elements are largely inherited from the existing LCD and LED industries, giving regions like Taiwan a strong foundation. However, the key challenge lies in the "massive transfer" process, which involves placing millions of microLEDs onto a small circuit board with extreme precision.
This process is highly complex and differs significantly from traditional LED manufacturing. Unlike conventional methods, MicroLED requires advanced integration techniques, such as macro-micro transfer, and has almost no room for defect repair. As a result, achieving commercial viability remains a major hurdle.
**Micro LED Applications Have Broad Prospects**
Currently, MicroLED is expected to find its first major applications in wearable devices and large TVs. Apple, for instance, is reportedly planning to integrate MicroLED into future Apple Watches and iPhones, while Sony has already demonstrated impressive MicroLED TVs at CES. In the long term, MicroLED could be used in a wide range of fields, including AR/VR, head-up displays, Li-Fi, projectors, and more.
As research and development continue, the potential of MicroLED to transform the display market is becoming increasingly clear. While challenges remain, the technology holds great promise for the future of visual technology.
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