1. Environmental Challenges
(1) The area of operation is usually small. Most plant protection drones are used in fields ranging from 3 to 8 acres, which requires frequent takeoffs and landings. This leads to multiple transitions, making it difficult to move through the field due to uneven terrain and obstacles. The weight of the drone, combined with additional equipment, reduces overall efficiency. Therefore, before accepting a job, it's essential to first assess the local farmland conditions to ensure a smooth operation.
(2) There are many tree lines and high-voltage power lines surrounding the fields, increasing flight risks. These structures can interfere with the drone’s magnetic compass, causing instability during flight. It’s important to avoid flying near trees or power lines to maintain control and prevent accidents.
(3) Human presence can be a problem. Farmers often gather to watch the drone in action, which can be distracting and dangerous. During spraying, all non-essential personnel should stay at least 20 meters away from the operation area to ensure safety and reduce interference with the pilot.
2. Flight Skills
(1) Flight height plays a crucial role in spray effectiveness. It's recommended to fly between 1 to 2.5 meters above the crops. Flying too low may result in poor coverage and potential damage to the drone, while flying too high can reduce the spray quality and cause complaints from farmers. Finding the right height ensures optimal results for both the crop and the operator.
(2) Flight speed affects both efficiency and safety. While faster speeds increase productivity, they also make the drone harder to control, especially for heavier models like the 10kg version. With a total weight of up to 25kg, sudden changes in speed can lead to instability. Therefore, a speed of around 5m/s is generally advised to balance performance and control.
(3) Visual errors can occur when the drone is flown too far away, making it hard for the pilot to judge distances accurately. This can lead to collisions or misjudged maneuvers. Ground crew members must provide clear signals to help the pilot navigate. Technological advancements, such as automated navigation systems, could help, but they are not yet fully suitable for complex agricultural environments.
3. Staffing Requirements
Each drone operation typically requires at least three people: the pilot, the signal operator, and the ground handler. If there are only two people, the signal operator might have to handle additional tasks like refilling the pesticide or changing batteries, which can slow down the process. To maximize efficiency, the pilot should focus solely on flying and spraying, while others manage other duties. Proper staffing is key to ensuring a smooth and safe operation.
4. Pre-Flight Checks
Before each mission, a thorough pre-flight inspection is necessary. Check that the motors are secure, the propellers are balanced, GPS positioning is accurate, and all components are properly installed. Ensure the battery is fully charged and the remote control has enough power. Also, confirm that satellite signals meet the minimum requirements for takeoff. A careful check helps prevent accidents and ensures the safety of both the drone and the operator.
5. Emergency Procedures
(1) If the drone suddenly loses control, staying calm is critical. Panic can worsen the situation. The best course of action is to switch to manual mode immediately, which disconnects the drone from GPS. This is especially useful if the GPS module is malfunctioning. Once in manual mode, increase throttle slightly to stabilize the drone, adjust its attitude, and find a safe landing spot.
(2) In case of mechanical issues, such as a motor failure, the pilot must rely on experience and quick thinking. For multirotor drones, losing one motor can still allow controlled landing if handled properly. If the situation becomes uncontrollable, follow the principle of "safe landing" and prioritize avoiding damage to the drone and surrounding areas.
Plant protection drone operations involve many unpredictable challenges, but maintaining composure, practicing regularly, and learning from experienced pilots are essential. Becoming a skilled operator requires hands-on experience and continuous learning in real-world conditions.
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