An acceleration sensor is an electronic device capable of measuring acceleration force. Acceleration force is the force when an object acts on an object during acceleration, just like the gravity of the earth, that is, gravity. The acceleration force can be a constant, such as g, or a variable.
Where are acceleration sensors generally used?
By measuring the acceleration due to gravity, you can calculate the tilt angle of the device relative to the horizontal. By analyzing the dynamic acceleration, you can analyze how the device moves. But at the beginning, you will find that light measurement of inclination and acceleration does not seem to be very useful. However, now engineers have come up with many ways to obtain more useful information.
The acceleration sensor can help your robot understand the environment it is in now. Are you climbing a mountain? Are you still going downhill and have you fallen? Or for flying robots, it is also crucial for attitude control. What's more, make sure that your robot doesn't take the bomb to the crowded place. A good programmer can use an acceleration sensor to answer all the above questions. The acceleration sensor can even be used to analyze engine vibration.
At present, the latest IBM Thinkpad laptop computer has an built-in acceleration sensor, which can dynamically detect the vibration of the notebook in use, and according to these vibration data, the system will intelligently choose to turn off the hard disk or let it continue to run, which can maximize the protection Vibration, such as a bumpy working environment, or hard drive damage caused by accidentally dropping the computer, protects the data inside to the greatest extent. Another use is that currently used digital cameras and camcorders also have acceleration sensors to detect hand vibration during shooting, and automatically adjust the camera's focus based on these vibrations.
How does the acceleration sensor work?
Most acceleration sensors work according to the principle of piezoelectric effect.
The so-called piezoelectric effect is "In addition to deforming the crystal, the external force applied to the crystal for a heteropolar crystal without a symmetric center will also change the polarization state of the crystal and establish an electric field inside the crystal. The phenomenon of polarizing the medium is called the positive piezoelectric effect ".
Generally, the acceleration sensor utilizes the characteristic of crystal deformation due to acceleration inside. Since this deformation generates a voltage, as long as the relationship between the generated voltage and the applied acceleration is calculated, the acceleration can be converted into a voltage output. Of course, there are many other methods to make acceleration sensors, such as capacitance effect, thermal bubble effect, and light effect, but the most basic principle is that a certain medium is deformed due to acceleration. By measuring the amount of deformation and using related circuits to transform it into Voltage output.
What should I consider when choosing an acceleration sensor?
Analog output vs digital output:
This is the first thing to consider. This depends on the interface between your system and the acceleration sensor. Generally, the voltage and acceleration of the analog output are proportional. For example, 2.5V corresponds to an acceleration of 0g, and 2.6V corresponds to an acceleration of 0.5g. Digital output generally uses pulse width modulation (PWM) signals.
If the microcontroller you are using has only digital inputs, such as BASICStamp, then you can only select the acceleration sensor with digital output, but the problem is that you must occupy an additional clock unit to process the PWM signal, and it is also a processor Not a small burden.
If the microcontroller you use has an analog input port, such as PIC / AVR / OOPIC, you can use the acceleration sensor of the analog interface very simply. All you need is to add a command like "acceleration = read_adc ()" to the program , And the processing speed of this instruction is only a few microseconds.
Number of measuring axes:
For most projects, two-axis acceleration sensors are already sufficient for most applications. For some special applications, such as UAV, ROV control, a three-axis acceleration sensor may be suitable.
Maximum measured value:
If you only need to measure the inclination of the robot with respect to the ground, a ± 1.5g acceleration sensor is sufficient. But if you need to measure the dynamic performance of the robot, ± 2g should also be enough. If your robot will suddenly start or stop, you need a ± 5g sensor.
Sensitivity
In general, the more sensitive the better. The more sensitive the sensor is, the more sensitive it is to changes in acceleration within a certain range, and the change in output voltage is also greater. This makes it easier to measure and obtain more accurate measured values.
bandwidth
The bandwidth here actually refers to the refresh rate. This means how many readings the sensor will produce per second. For applications that generally measure inclination, a 50 Hz bandwidth should be sufficient, but for dynamic performance, such as vibration, you will need a sensor with a bandwidth of hundreds of Hz.
Resistor / buffer mechanism
For some microcontrollers, to perform A / D conversion, the resistance of the connected sensor must be less than 10kΩ. For example, the resistance value of Analog Devices s analog acceleration sensor is 32kΩ, which cannot work normally on PIC and AVR control boards, so it is recommended to read the controller manual carefully before purchasing the sensor to ensure that the sensor can work normally.
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