Driven by the growing demand for new energy vehicles, driving range has become a crucial factor in consumers' purchasing decisions. It also plays a vital role in policy-making by relevant authorities. As a result, high-energy-density lithium batteries have gained significant attention and are gradually becoming the mainstream choice for electric vehicles. However, the rapid degradation of these high-energy batteries presents challenges that hinder the widespread adoption of new energy vehicles.
One major issue is the mismatch between the lifecycle of the battery and the vehicle itself. The chemical aging of lithium batteries doesn't always align with the expected lifespan of the vehicle, leading to performance issues over time. This discrepancy poses real difficulties in maintaining consistent performance and reliability.
So why do high specific energy lithium batteries degrade faster? On a microscopic level, internal irreversible reactions such as electrolyte decomposition, active material deactivation, structural collapse of electrodes, and reduced lithium ion mobility can occur during use, leading to capacity loss. Under high voltage and temperature conditions, the positively charged electrode surface becomes more reactive with the electrolyte, accelerating degradation. For example, NCM811, which operates at higher voltages, reacts more intensely with the electrolyte compared to NCM111, resulting in faster capacity fading.
From a macro perspective, accurately measuring current, voltage, and temperature, along with effective thermal, power, and energy management, is essential. Moreover, understanding and predicting the battery's life status is key to extending its service life. Battery Management Systems (BMS) play a critical role in this process, helping to monitor and control various factors that affect battery health.
To address these challenges, industry experts are exploring solutions from multiple angles. Companies are focusing on improving materials, electrolytes, separators, and BMS technologies. For instance, modifying the surface of NCM811 particles can enhance battery performance. Electrolyte additives can reduce internal parasitic reactions, thereby improving cycle life and safety.
Penghui Energy has made significant progress by applying ceramic and polymer composite coatings to increase stability and safety under high temperatures and pressures. They've also developed a specialized silicon-carbon anode, which improves the initial efficiency to over 86%, solving the issue of rapid capacity loss in the first 50 weeks and enhancing overall battery life.
At the system level, Professor Wei Xuezhe from Tongji University proposed a battery pack optimization design based on a "electric-thermal-life" coupling model. This approach allows for accurate measurement of cell capacitance, capacity estimation, and collection of multi-dimensional data. It ensures consistency within the battery pack and enables multi-factor, multi-physics coupling. This third-generation BMS focuses on life estimation, forecasting, and management—representing a significant advancement from earlier systems that were mainly focused on safety monitoring or SOC estimation.
With market demand driving innovation, companies like Tongtai New Energy, Guoxuan Hi-Tech, and Penghui Energy are actively developing high-power, energy-dense lithium batteries. Material suppliers such as Shanshan are also capitalizing on this trend. These efforts to address battery lifetime degradation are not only beneficial for the development of the power lithium battery industry but also support the broader adoption of new energy vehicles.
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